Publications Two  key papers  describe our system prototypes in detail: The UbiComp '01 paper describes our first prototype. Visitors could share the guidebook audio content using the guidebooks' speakers. In our user study, we observed that visitors oriented to the guidebook as a participant in their interactions - that is, they exhibited conversational practices and structures associated with human storytelling interactions. Read more... The CHI '02 paper describes our second prototype. Visitors could share the guidebook audio content using a mechanism we call eavesdropping; this solved the "sound pollution" problem of speaker audio. In our user study, we found that visitors who eavesdropped on each other exhibited even stronger interactional ties than had the the visitors in our previous study. Read more... A. Woodruff and P.M. Aoki. Conversation Analysis and the User Experience. Digital Creativity 15 (4), 2004, 232-238.   R.E. Grinter, P.M. Aoki, A. Hurst, M.H. Szymanski, J.D. Thornton and A. Woodruff. Revisiting the Visit: Understanding How Technology Can Shape the Museum Visit. Proc. ACM Conf. on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, New Orleans, LA, Nov. 2002, 146-155. [PDF] A. Woodruff, M.H. Szymanski, R.E. Grinter, and P.M. Aoki. Practical Strategies for Integrating a Conversation Analyst in an Iterative Design Process. Proc. 4th ACM Conf. on Designing Interactive Systems, London, UK, June 2002, 19-28. [PDF] P.M. Aoki, R.E. Grinter, A. Hurst, M.H. Szymanski, J.D. Thornton and A. Woodruff. Sotto Voce: Exploring the Interplay of Conversation and Mobile Audio Spaces. Proc. ACM SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Minneapolis, MN, Apr. 2002, 431-438. [PDF] R.E. Grinter and A. Woodruff. Ears and Hair: What Headsets Will People Wear? Extended Abstracts, ACM SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Minneapolis, MN, Apr. 2002, 680-681. [PDF] A. Woodruff, P.M. Aoki, R.E. Grinter, A. Hurst, M.H. Szymanski, and J.D. Thornton. Eavesdropping on Electronic Guidebooks: Observing Learning Resources in Shared Listening Environments. Proc. 6th Int'l Conf. on Museums and the Web, Boston, MA, Apr. 2002, 21-30. [HTML] [PDF] A. Woodruff, M.H. Szymanski, P.M. Aoki and A. Hurst. The Conversational Role of Electronic Guidebooks. Proc. 3rd Int'l Conf. on Ubiquitous Computing, Atlanta, GA, Sep. 2001, 187-208. (© Springer-Verlag.) [PDF] A. Woodruff, P.M. Aoki, A. Hurst and M.H. Szymanski. Electronic Guidebooks and Visitor Attention. Proc. 6th Int'l Cultural Heritage Informatics Meeting, Milan, Italy, Sep. 2001, 437-454. [PDF] P.M. Aoki, A. Hurst and A. Woodruff. Tap Tips: Lightweight Discovery of Touchscreen Targets. Extended Abstracts, ACM SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seattle, WA, Mar. 2001, 237-238. [PDF] A. Woodruff, P.M. Aoki, A. Hurst and M.H. Szymanski. The Guidebook, the Friend, and the Room: Visitor Experience in a Historic House. Extended Abstracts, ACM SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Seattle, WA, Mar. 2001, 273-274. [PDF] P.M. Aoki and A. Woodruff. Improving Electronic Guidebook Interfaces Using a Task-Oriented Design Approach. Proc. 3rd ACM Conf. on Designing Interactive Systems, New York, NY, Aug. 2000, 319-325. [PDF] Presentations A. Woodruff, Sotto Voce: Electronic Guidebooks. Intel Research, Berkeley, CA, May 2004. A. Woodruff and P.M. Aoki, Conversation Analysis and the User Experience. Workshop on Exploring Experience Methods Across Disciplines, ACM SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '04), Vienna, Austria, Apr. 2004. A. Woodruff, Sotto Voce: Electronic Guidebooks. American Association of Museums (AAM) Annual Meeting, Portland, OR, May 2003. A. Woodruff and P.M. Aoki. Sotto Voce: Electronic Guidebooks. Colloquium on “Enhancing Interpretation: Techniques and Technologies and the Museum Experience,” Work, Interaction & Technology (WIT) Research Group and Tate Britain, King's College London, UK, May 2003. R.E. Grinter. Revisiting the Visit: Understanding How Technology Can Shape the Museum Visit. ACM Conf. on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '02), New Orleans, LA, Nov. 2002. M.H. Szymanski and A. Woodruff. Site visit, Work, Interaction & Technology (WIT) Research Group, King's College London, UK, July 2002. A. Woodruff and M.H. Szymanski. Practical Strategies for Integrating a Conversation Analyst in an Iterative Design Process. 4th ACM Conf. on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS '02), London, UK, June 2002. A. Woodruff. Sotto Voce: Exploring the Interplay Between Conversation and Mobile Audio Spaces. ACM SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '02), Minneapolis, MN, Apr. 2002. R.E. Grinter. Ears and Hair: What Headsets Will People Wear?. ACM SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '02), Minneapolis, MN, Apr. 2002. A. Woodruff. Eavesdropping on Electronic Guidebooks: Observing Learning Resources in Shared Listening Environments. 6th Int'l Conf. on Museums and the Web (MW '02), Boston, MA, Apr. 2002. A. Woodruff. Sotto Voce. Workshop on Handhelds in Museums, 6th Int'l Conf. on Museums and the Web (MW '02), Boston, MA, Apr. 2002. A. Woodruff. Sotto Voce. NSF Electronic Guidebook Forum on “Issues and Questions about Wireless Handheld Computers in Exhibition Spaces,” The Exploratorium, San Francisco, CA, Oct. 2001. A. Woodruff. The Conversational Role of Electronic Guidebooks. 3rd Int'l Conf. on Ubiquitous Computing (Ubicomp '01), Atlanta, GA, Oct. 2001. A. Woodruff. Electronic Guidebooks and Visitor Attention. 6th Int'l Cultural Heritage Informatics Meeting (ICHIM '01), Milan, Italy, Sep. 2001. P.M. Aoki and A. Woodruff. Electronic Guidebooks and Visitor Attention. HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, May 2001. M.H. Szymanski and A. Woodruff. Conversational Interaction and Electronic Guidebook Use: Paired Visitors Tour a Historic House. 7th Annual Conf. on Language, Interaction, and Culture (CLIC '01), Santa Barbara, CA, May 2001. M.H. Szymanski. The Guidebook, the Friend, and the Room: Visitor Experience in a Historic House. ACM SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '01), Seattle, WA, Mar. 2001. P.M. Aoki. Tap Tips: Lightweight Discovery of Touchscreen Targets. ACM SIGCHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '01), Seattle, WA, Mar. 2001. A. Woodruff. Improving Electronic Guidebook Interfaces Using a Task-Oriented Design Approach and The English Country House: The Curator's View of Guidebooks and Technology. Razorfish, San Francisco, CA, Oct. 2000. A. Woodruff. Old Genres, New Genres. 60th Annual Meeting of the American Association for State and Local History (AASLH), New Orleans, LA, Sept. 2000. A. Woodruff. Improving Electronic Guidebook Interfaces Using a Task-Oriented Design Approach. 3rd ACM Conf. on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS '00), New York, NY, Aug. 2000. A. Woodruff. Can You Take It With You? Digital Tours. Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA) Symp. on the Historic House in the 21st Century, Boston, MA, Mar. 2000.